Sweeteners

Last reviewed date:

21 March 2024

2 minutes read

Sweeteners or sugar substitutes are food additives used to give a sweet taste to foods and beverages such as soft drinks, desserts, dairy products, sweets, chewing gum, and low-calorie and weight control products.

Some sweeteners such as aspartame or sucralose are many times sweeter than sugar.

Sweeteners can be produced in different ways such as by extraction from plants (for example, steviol glycosides or thaumatin) or from other materials of vegetable origin (for example, neohesperidin DC, derived from citrus).

They can also be synthesised (for example, saccharin) or obtained using microorganisms in the production process (for example, erythritol).

Some common substances with a sweet taste are not considered sweeteners under EU regulation. This list includes, for example, monosaccharides, disaccharides or oligosaccharides and foods containing these substances used for their sweetening properties.

Other sweet substances intended as sugar replacers that were not consumed to a significant extent prior to May 1997 are assessed separately as novel foods.

As for all food additives, new sweeteners must undergo a safety evaluation prior to market authorisation in the European Union (EU).

EFSA’s scientists are currently re-evaluating the safety of all sweeteners that were already permitted for use in foods before 20 January 2009.

The presence of a sweetener must be indicated on the label of a food or drink either by its name or its E number A number used in the European Union to identify permitted food additives. An E number means that an additive has passed safety tests and has been approved for use..

Topic page: Food additives

Latest

The following table lists the sweeteners authorised for use in the EU and the status of EFSA’s respective safety assessments. EFSA’s ongoing re-evaluations can be tracked via our public tool Open EFSA.

E number	Name	EFSA's assessment
E 420	Sorbitols	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 421	Mannitol	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 950	Acesulfame K	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 951	Aspartame	Re-evaluation completed in 2013
E 952	Cyclamates	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 953	Isomalt	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 954	Saccharins	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 955	Sucralose	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 957	Thaumatin	Re-evaluation completed in 2021
E 959	Neohesperidine DC	Re-evaluation completed in 2022
E 960a	Steviol glycosides from Stevia	First evaluated in 2010
E 960c	Enzymatically produced steviol glycosides	Evaluated in 2019
E 960d	Glucosylated steviol glycosides	Evaluated in 2022
E 961	Neotame	First evaluated in 2007 Re-evaluation ongoing
E 962	Salt of aspartame-acesulfame	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 964	Polyglycitol syrup	Evaluated in 2009
E 965	Maltitols	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 966	Lactitols	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 967	Xylitol	Re-evaluation ongoing
E 968	Erythritol	Re-evaluation completed in 2023
E 969	Advantame	Evaluated in 2013

Milestones

2023
April
EFSA publishes a revised protocol on hazard identification The first step in risk assessment, this involves the identification of biological, chemical, and physical agents capable of causing adverse health effects. and hazard characterisation The second step in risk assessment, this involves defining the nature of the adverse health effects associated with biological, chemical and physical agents which may be present in food. The process should, if possible, involve an understanding of the doses involved and related responses. of sweeteners to take into account revisions made during the implementation phase of the original protocol approved by EFSA’s FAF Panel on 17 January 2020.
2021
November
EFSA requests additional information from interested parties and publishes a call for technical data on sucralose (E 955) and a call for technical data on saccharin and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts (E 954).
June
EFSA requests additional information from interested parties and publishes a call for genotoxicity data on sweeteners.
2020
August
EFSA publishes a protocol for assessing exposure Concentration or amount of a particular substance that is taken in by an individual, population or ecosystem in a specific frequency over a certain amount of time. to sweeteners.
February
EFSA publishes a protocol for the assessment of hazard A substance or activity which has the potential to cause adverse effects to living organisms or environments. identification and characterisation of sweeteners.
2019
December
EFSA holds a meeting with stakeholders on the two draft protocols detailing the approach and the methodology that will be followed for the ongoing re-evaluation of authorised food additives, under Regulation (EC) No 257/2010.
May
EFSA requests additional information from interested parties on the characterisation of the particle size of substances when used as food additives. Data were also requested for the salt of aspartame-acesulfame (E 962).
2018
EFSA publishes a call for food additives usage level and/or concentration data in food and beverages intended for human consumption (Batch 7).
2017
EFSA publishes a call for technical and toxicological data on sweeteners.
2016
EFSA publishes a statement on the validity of the conclusions of a mouse study on the carcinogenic potential of sucralose (E 955) performed by the Ramazzini Institute.